History of a Fort with a 500-Year-Old Water Harvesting System: Mehrangarh

Mehrangarh Fort, an architectural marvel perched 410 feet above the plains of Jodhpur, stands as a testament to the ingenuity and foresight of the Rathore Rajput kings. 

When Rao Jodha laid the foundation of this majestic fort in May 1459, little did he know that its water harvesting system would remain functional and relevant nearly 500 years later. 

This system, designed to combat the arid conditions of Rajasthan, showcases a blend of natural geography and advanced medieval engineering.

The Foundation of Mehrangarh

The origin of Mehrangarh Fort is steeped in legend and historical significance. Rao Jodha, the founder of Jodhpur, chose this strategic hilltop for its defensive advantages. 

However, his decision faced resistance from Saint Chidiya Nath Ji, the hill’s sole resident. The saint initially cursed Rao Jodha, predicting perpetual water scarcity for the fort and its surroundings. 

Though he later retracted his curse, Rao Jodha took proactive measures to ensure a sustainable water supply.

Ingenious Water Harvesting System

Recognizing the importance of water conservation, Rao Jodha and his successors implemented a foolproof rainwater harvesting and water conservation system. 

This system utilized the natural gradient of the hill to direct water from higher catchment areas to various reservoirs and lakes within and around the fort. 

The valleys around Mehrangarh acted as natural catchments, channeling rainwater into several strategically placed tanks and kunds (water reservoirs).

Key Features of the Water System

1. Ranisar and Padamsar Lakes: During the reign of Rao Maldeo, Rani Uttamde Sisodini constructed Padamsar Lake in the adjacent valley. An outlet from the fortification wall allowed overflow from Ranisar Lake to reach Padamsar, ensuring a continuous water supply. Ranisar Lake, initiated by Rao Jodha’s queen, Rani Jasmade Haadi, featured five small wells at its base level called 'kuiyaan,' which provided underground water during dry seasons.

2. Taankas and Kunds: The fort incorporated taankas, which are large underground tanks used to collect and store rainwater, a common feature in the Thar Desert. Notable kunds like Rasolai Kund and Dev Kund captured runoff water from the hills, supplementing the fort’s water reserves.

3. Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: Mehrangarh also utilized mechanical engineering methods like aqueducts and Persian wheels, or Arhats. These wooden Persian wheels, operated by draught animals, lifted water from lower levels to the fort’s higher terraces. The ingenious use of clay pots attached to long ropes facilitated efficient water transportation.

Restoration and Legacy

Over the centuries, many components of Mehrangarh’s water harvesting system deteriorated. 

However, the Mehrangarh Museum Trust has meticulously restored these systems to their original state. Today, visitors can witness the operational Persian wheels at the elevator terrace in front of Fateh Mahal. 

These wheels continue to lift water from Ranisar to Jaipol Terrace and further to Fateh Mahal, demonstrating the enduring efficacy of medieval engineering.

Mehrangarh Fort is not just a symbol of architectural splendor but also a beacon of sustainable living. 

Its 500-year-old water harvesting system reflects a profound understanding of environmental challenges and resource management. As we face global water crises today, the fort’s historical practices offer valuable lessons in sustainability and conservation. 

The legacy of Rao Jodha and his successors endures, reminding us of the timeless importance of harmonizing human ingenuity with natural resources.